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Research Brief

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📝 What They Said

The CORE Universal Remote, created by Steve Wozniak in 1987, was a revolutionary programmable device that was decades ahead of its time, featuring dual microcontrollers, 36KB of memory, and the ability to create complex command sequences that could automate entire home entertainment systems.

  1. 1 The CORE was the world's first programmable universal remote, created by Steve Wozniak's company CL9 in 1987 and holds a Guinness World Record
  2. 2 It featured advanced architecture for its time: dual microcontrollers, 36KB memory, 16 programmable pages with 16 buttons each, and hexadecimal labeling
  3. 3 The interface used a page system (0-15) where each button could store single commands or complex sequences of commands, with quick-access buttons A, B, and C
  4. 4 It could automate sophisticated tasks like recording multiple TV programs on different channels while away, controlling cable boxes, VCRs, and other devices in coordinated sequences
  5. 5 Despite its technical sophistication, it had a steep learning curve with a programmer-oriented interface and required users to manually document their button configurations in a paper journal
🔬 What We Found

The CL 9 CORE (Controller of Remote Equipment) was a 6502-based programmable universal remote control launched in 1987 by Steve Wozniak's company CL 9, which operated from 1985 to 1988. In 1987, as part of his company CL 9, Wozniak introduced the first remote control device that could 'learn' infrared signal patterns from other remote controls, and the product is officially recognized by the Guinness World Records as being the first universal remote control.

Technically, the CORE featured an LCD, a 4-bit and an 8-bit 6502-based microprocessor (the same chip used in the Apple II), and 16 keys plus a few more control buttons. Sixteen pages of codes were available, for a total of 256 keyable codes; each of these 256 keys could reference any other combination of keys, allowing full macros. The device had a time clock, allowing codes to be sent at any future time. A serial interface could connect to a computer, and each button was programmable as a macro for multiple operations. The video's claim of 36KB memory could not be verified in authoritative sources.

The CORE's failure was multifaceted. The CL 9 Core didn't come cheap as it set consumers back by a whopping $400, though some sources report it retailed for about $300. The commercial failure of the device has been attributed to the level of programming required to make it function. Wozniak and his team assumed customers would want to learn from existing remotes and program custom functions, but universal remotes had been introduced a couple of years earlier and were starting to sell briskly by the time the CORE was launched. By 1987, when you asked universal remote buyers why they purchased, virtually all gave one answer: they lost their original remote. This means there is no original remote to 'learn' from. The CORE couldn't satisfy these customers.

Wozniak ultimately sold the business and patents to Celadon, a company formed by former CL 9 employees, which continued to market new versions of the remote under the names PIC-100 and PIC-200. The Celadon company later took over the CORE in 1991 and renamed it the PIC-100 after CL 9 closed its doors in 1988. It marketed the PIC-100 until they updated it as the PIC-200—this used FLASH technology. They used the Core CL9 for commercial purposes, mainly for GE MRI machines, confirming the video's claim about X-ray/medical equipment use.

Regarding the Harmony comparison: The Harmony remote control was originally created in 2001 by Easy Zapper, a Canadian company, and first sold in November 2001—exactly 14 years after the CORE, not the "four more years" claimed in the video. The video's claim that "DVDs didn't show up in the US until about 10 years after this remote came out" is accurate (DVD launched in US in 1997, 10 years after 1987).

✓ Verified Claims
Steve Wozniak created the CORE remote and it's in the Guinness Book of World Records
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CL9 was founded in 1985 when Wozniak left Apple
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The CORE had dual microcontroller architecture with 36 kilobytes of memory
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The remote retailed for $200 in 1987
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Harmony remotes came out 'four more years' after DVDs (implying ~2001)
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The device was later used in X-ray machines/medical equipment
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The CORE used the 6502 processor like the Apple II
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It had 16 pages with 16 buttons each for 256 total programmable functions
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💡 Go Deeper
CL 9 company history and why it ceased operations in 1988 despite having innovative technology
Technical architecture comparison: CORE's 6502-based system vs. other 1987 universal remotes
Market reception and sales data for the CORE remote - commercial success vs. technical innovation gap
Evolution of programmable universal remotes from 1987 to present day - when did CORE's features become standard?
Steve Wozniak's other post-Apple ventures and how CL 9 fits into his entrepreneurial trajectory
Key Takeaway

Steve Wozniak's CORE universal remote was the first programmable device that could learn infrared signals from other remotes, earning Guinness World Records recognition and pioneering home automation concepts decades early.

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